Episodic citizenship, reputation and stereotypes

This project starts on the intersection of two trends. First, over the last three decades, managerial changes in the public sector have focused on introducing more efficient and effective public services. One of the baseline consequences is that the organization of public services has increasingly been structured through networks of separate agencies, rather than through large monolithic bureaucracies. Hence, higher levels of agency delineation and independence are considered as a solution for ensuring greater efficiency and effectiveness. The consequence of this increased agency delineation and organizational independence is that these public-serving organizations are also more identifiable as separate units, which has resulted in developing their own reputations vis-a-vis citizens, as well as other public-serving organizations, policy makers, and businesses. Second, lifestyle in modern societies has evolved substantially to a reflective way of living, with individuals being continuously confronted by a plethora of choices. For example, as customers, we can continuously choose from various versions of similar products and services to best fit our personal needs and preferences. As employees, flexibility in career choices has increased within and across the boundaries of organizations with more international mobility, adjusted work-life balance programs, and life-long learning opportunities. And most relevant for the context of this project, as citizens, a larger range of citizen participation channels has been created. As a consequence, an overabundance of options exists to socially contribute and show beliefs, from slacktivism in social media, over project-based engagement in one-time campaigns, to direct participation in decision making, and in the c o-production of public services. The combination of these two trends, have made interactions between citizens and public-serving organizations more volatile, or episodic. This means that the modern citizen-bureaucracy relationship can be considered as a sequence of many decisions either initiated by a public -serving organization or by a citizen, and/or triggered by an external contextual change. An episodic decision event can thus be defined as a situation, out of a series of multiple events, in which a choice has to be made by a citizen towards a particular public organization, where such choice is meant to improve the fulfilment of the citizens needs and preferences. Against this background, we research in this project how reputation of public organizations, as well as stereotypes about the people working in these organizations, play a role in episodic interactions between citizens and public-serving organizations. Across our concrete work packages, we take a mixed method approach, and we aim at developing insights that are relevant for both the scientific debate as well as for the formulation of practical recommendations for policy makers and public sector managers.