The monographie "The effect of the four freedoms on individuals" deals with systematic problems inherent in the
four freedoms representing the core of the European common market.
Whereas the member States are to be regarded as the primary adressees of duties stemming from these norms,
recent jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice has shown a marked tendency to also encompass associations
and private individuals whitin the regime of non-discrimination regulated by the four freedoms. This work
compares the regime of direct effect of fundamental rights, such as first expounded by the German Labour Court in
1950, and tries to determine a pattern that could serve as a dogmatic tool in mastering the jurisprudence of the ECJ.
From a practical point of view, the effect of the four freedoms on individuals can be utmost importance both for
individuals and companies acting on a European level.