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Magnetic Configuration of Coronal Holes

Stephan Gabor Heinemann (ORCID: 0000-0002-2655-2108)
  • Grant DOI 10.55776/J4560
  • Funding program Erwin Schrödinger
  • Status ended
  • Start January 1, 2023
  • End December 31, 2025
  • Funding amount € 186,240

Disciplines

Physics, Astronomy (100%)

Keywords

  • Sun,
  • Corona,
  • Coronal Holes,
  • Magnetic Fields
Abstract Final report

Coronal holes are large-scale structures in the Suns atmosphere and are believed to be the source regions of fast flowing solar wind streams. Due to their lower density and temperature in contrast to the surrounding quiet sun, coronal holes can be observed as dark regions in extreme UV and X-ray emission. In addition, coronal holes feature an open magnetic field topology. These are magnetic field lines that do not close in the vicinity of the Sun, but far out in interplanetary space. Along those fieldlines, solar plasma is accelerated and ejected as solar wind. The resulting fast flowing solar winds are the major cause of minor to moderate geomagnetic disturbances near Earth. At the Sun, these open magnetic fields are rooted in so-called magnetic elements. These are small unipolar structures with the same polarity of the containing coronal hole. From these footpoints, the magnetic field can expand upwards to eventually fill most of the space in the higher layers of the solar atmosphere. In the lower atmosphere, near the solar photosphere, closed fields (loops) are present in addition to the open fields. The interplay and abundance of closed and open fields defines the vertical magnetic structure of coronal holes near the Sun. The true vertical magnetic structure in coronal hole is not yet fully understood. By using modern potential field modeling techniques, we model the 3D atmospheric magnetic structure of coronal holes from 2D magnetic field observations. For this we, use current magnetic field observations taken by the Solar Dynamics Observatory and synthetically generated magnetic field maps. This enables us to analyze the vertical magnetic field structure of solar coronal holes. The goal is to understand the defining properties and parameters, derive underlying physical principles and gain insights on the solar wind outflow. The model results will be compared with observations from higher layers of the atmosphere. This will be done to validate the model and to explain the observed structures in terms of magnetic field. In addition, we will use observations taken by the new Solar Orbiter spacecraft, that will provide groundbreaking observations at high latitudes. These observations will be used to analyze the magnetic structure of polar coronal holes and compare them to equatorial coronal holes.

Die magnetische Architektur von Koronalen Löchern entschlüsset Unsere moderne Gesellschaft ist untrennbar mit der Aktivität der Sonne verbunden. Neben Licht und Wärme sendet die Sonne einen stetigen Strom geladener Teilchen aus - den Sonnenwind. Diesen zu verstehen, ist entscheidend für den Schutz von Satelliten, Stromnetzen und Kommunikationssystemen. Im Zentrum stehen dabei Koronale Löcher: dunkle Regionen in der Sonnenatmosphäre mit "offenen" Magnetfeldlinien, die wie Düsen wirken und schnellen Sonnenwind direkt Richtung Erde lenken. Das Projekt "Magnetic Configuration of Coronal Holes", geleitet von Dr. Stephan G. Heinemann im Rahmen eines FWF-Schrödinger-Stipendiums, markiert einen bedeutenden Fortschritt in der Modellierung dieser Phänomene. Durch die Kombination von Potenzialfeld-Modellierung mit modernsten Beobachtungsdaten gelang es dem Team, die komplexe Geometrie der magnetischen Struktur, die sogenannte "magnetische Topologie", der Sonnenkorona zu kartografieren. Datenlücken schließen mit künstlichen Karten des Sonnenmagnetfelds Eine zentrale Herausforderung der Sonnenphysik ist die "Beobachtungslücke": Wir können nie die gesamte Sonnenoberfläche gleichzeitig sehen. Um dies zu lösen, leistete Dr. Heinemann Pionierarbeit bei der Verwendung künstlicher Magnetfeldkarten. Mithilfe von Oberflächentransportmodellen, sogennante "Surface Flux Transport Models", erstellte das Projekt synthetische Karten des gesamten solaren Magnetfelds. In seinen Arbeiten als Erstautor zeigte Dr. Heinemann, dass diese künstlichen Datensätze entscheidend sind, um Unsicherheiten in Sonnenwind-Vorhersagen zu quantifizieren. Durch die Simulation des Magnetfelds der gesamten Sonne - inklusive der von der Erde abgewandten Seite - identifizierte die Forschung exakt, wie unvollständige Daten zu Fehlern in physikalischen Modellen führen. Dies schafft die Basis für robustere Simulationen, die nicht mehr rein auf direkten Beobachtungen basieren. Magnetische Topologie und Loop-Statistiken Der wissenschaftliche Kern des Projekts liegt in der detaillierten Analyse der magnetischen Topologie Koronaler Löcher. Dr. Heinemanns Forschung ging über die bloße Identifizierung dieser Regionen hinaus und untersuchte deren interne "Verkabelung": Evolutionäre Dynamik: Untersuchungen zur Stabilität und den charakteristischen Kippbewegungen ("Tilting") von Koronalen Löchern in niedrigen Breiten. Das Rätsel des offenen magnetischen Flusses: Eine physikalische Erklärung für den plötzlichen Anstieg des "offenen" magnetischen Flusses während der Polumkehr der Sonne. Loop-Statistiken: Eine systematische Klassifizierung magnetischer Schleifen (Loops), die unterscheidet, welche Feldlinien geschlossen bleiben und welche aufbrechen, um den Sonnenwind ins All zu tragen. Durch die Entschlüsselung dieser magnetischen Konfigurationen liefert Dr. Heinemanns Forschung eine essenzielle Blaupause, um den unsichtbaren Einfluss unseres Sterns auf die technologische Infrastruktur der Erde besser zu verstehen.

Research institution: abroad phase
  • University of Helsinki , 24 months, Jens Pomoell
Research institution: return phase
  • Universität Graz , 12 months

Research Output

  • 141 Citations
  • 27 Publications
  • 1 Datasets & models
  • 2 Disseminations
  • 5 Scientific Awards
  • 1 Fundings
Publications
  • 2026
    Title Disruption of the October 3, 2024 CME by the Heliospheric Current Sheet - A Sun-to-Earth Analysis
    DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu26-3021
    Type Other
    Author Heinemann S
  • 2026
    Title Magnetic Topology and Loop Statistics in Observed Coronal Holes Using Potential Field Modeling
    DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ae39c4
    Type Journal Article
    Author Heinemann S
    Journal The Astrophysical Journal
  • 2026
    Title Persistence of Solar Wind Velocity along Radial, Longitudinal, and Latitudinal Spacecraft Separation
    DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ae3dd9
    Type Journal Article
    Author Milošić D
    Journal The Astrophysical Journal
  • 2025
    Title Quantifying Uncertainties in Solar Wind Forecasting due to Incomplete Solar Magnetic Field Information
    DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/adcf9e
    Type Journal Article
    Author Heinemann S
    Journal The Astrophysical Journal
    Pages 166
    Link Publication
  • 2025
    Title Case study on the evolution of corotating interaction regions for the “smiley coronal holes”: 0.3 to 1 AU
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202453096
    Type Journal Article
    Author Milošic D
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
    Link Publication
  • 2024
    Title A Community Data Set for Comparing Automated Coronal Hole Detection Schemes
    DOI 10.3847/1538-4365/ad1408
    Type Journal Article
    Author Reiss M
    Journal The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
    Pages 6
    Link Publication
  • 2024
    Title Unveiling the journey of a highly inclined CME
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202347083
    Type Journal Article
    Author Carcaboso F
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
    Link Publication
  • 2024
    Title On the Origin of the Sudden Heliospheric Open Magnetic Flux Enhancement During the 2014 Pole Reversal
    DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b69
    Type Journal Article
    Author Heinemann S
    Journal The Astrophysical Journal
    Pages 151
    Link Publication
  • 2024
    Title Effects of different coronal hole geometries on simulations of the interaction between coronal waves and coronal holes
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202348003
    Type Journal Article
    Author Piantschitsch I
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
    Link Publication
  • 2024
    Title Coronal Models and Detection of the Open Magnetic Field
    DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ad5155
    Type Journal Article
    Author Asvestari E
    Journal The Astrophysical Journal
    Pages 45
    Link Publication
  • 2024
    Title Combined Surface Flux Transport and Helioseismic Far-Side Active Region Model (FARM)
    DOI 10.1007/s11207-024-02405-9
    Type Journal Article
    Author Yang D
    Journal Solar Physics
    Pages 161
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title The short-term stability and tilting motion of a well-observed low-latitude solar coronal hole
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202347180
    Type Journal Article
    Author Heinemann S
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title Role of initial density profiles in simulations of coronal wave-coronal hole interactions?
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202346871
    Type Journal Article
    Author Piantschitsch I
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title FARM: Combined surface flux transport and helioseismic Far-side Active Region Model
    DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8789
    Type Journal Article
    Author Heinemann S
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title On the evolutionary aspects of solar coronal holes
    DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8687
    Type Journal Article
    Author Heinemann S
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title The fast component of the solar wind: origins, correlations and modeling with EUHFORIA
    DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9486
    Type Journal Article
    Author Samara E
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title The effect of the morphology of coronal holes on the propagational evolution of high-speed solar wind streams in the inner heliosphere
    DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14753
    Type Journal Article
    Author Hofmeister S
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title Improvements to the Empirical Solar Wind Forecast (ESWF) model
    DOI 10.1007/s11207-022-02102-5
    Type Journal Article
    Author Milošic D
    Journal Solar Physics
    Pages 45
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title Differences in physical properties of coronal bright points and their ALMA counterparts within and outside coronal holes
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202244160
    Type Journal Article
    Author Matkovic F
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title Space Weather Roadmap update for iSWAT Clusters H1+H2
    DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5512
    Type Journal Article
    Author Temmer M
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title Deflection/Rotation of Earth-directed CMEs
    DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-1395
    Type Journal Article
    Author Karuppiah S
    Link Publication
  • 2024
    Title Classification of Enhanced Geoeffectiveness Resulting from High-speed Solar Wind Streams Compressing Slower Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections
    DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/ad283a
    Type Journal Article
    Author Heinemann S
    Journal The Astrophysical Journal Letters
  • 2024
    Title Early Evolution of Earth-Directed Coronal Mass Ejections in the Vicinity of Coronal Holes
    DOI 10.1007/s11207-024-02319-6
    Type Journal Article
    Author Dumbović M
    Journal Solar Physics
  • 2023
    Title CME Propagation Through the Heliosphere: Status and Future of Observations and Model Development
    DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2023.07.003
    Type Journal Article
    Author Temmer M
    Journal Advances in Space Research
    Link Publication
  • 2025
    Title Oscillations of the solar photospheric magnetic field caused by the m = 1 high-latitude inertial mode
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202557360
    Type Journal Article
    Author Heinemann S
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
    Link Publication
  • 2025
    Title Formation of a Coronal Hole by a Quiet-Sun Filament Eruption
    DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ae11b0
    Type Journal Article
    Author Hofmeister S
    Journal The Astrophysical Journal
    Pages 190
    Link Publication
  • 2025
    Title Evaluating Solar Wind Forecast Using Magnetic Maps That Include Helioseismic Far-Side Information.
    DOI 10.1007/s11207-025-02563-4
    Type Journal Article
    Author Heinemann Sg
    Journal Solar physics
    Pages 153
Datasets & models
  • 2023 Link
    Title pyCATCH
    Type Computer model/algorithm
    Public Access
    Link Link
Disseminations
  • 2025
    Title European Researchers' Night Graz
    Type Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
  • 2023
    Title Researchers Night at the University of Helsinki
    Type Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
Scientific Awards
  • 2025
    Title Invited Presentation : "Quantifying Uncertainties in Solar Wind Forecasting Due to Incomplete Solar Magnetic Field Information"
    Type Personally asked as a key note speaker to a conference
    Level of Recognition Continental/International
  • 2024
    Title Invited Review Lecture : "Coronal Holes and Open Magnetic Flux"
    Type Personally asked as a key note speaker to a conference
    Level of Recognition Continental/International
  • 2024
    Title ESPD Giancarlo Noci Early Career Researcher Prize
    Type Research prize
    Level of Recognition Continental/International
  • 2023
    Title Outstanding Early Career Scientist Award
    Type Research prize
    Level of Recognition Continental/International
  • 2023
    Title Invited Lecture : "On the evolutionary aspects of coronal holes"
    Type Personally asked as a key note speaker to a conference
    Level of Recognition Continental/International
Fundings
  • 2025
    Title US Air-Force Windows-on-Science (WoS) Travel Grant
    Type Research grant (including intramural programme)
    Start of Funding 2025
    Funder Air Force Research Laboratory

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