Magnetic Configuration of Coronal Holes
Disciplines
Physics, Astronomy (100%)
Keywords
- Sun,
- Corona,
- Coronal Holes,
- Magnetic Fields
Coronal holes are large-scale structures in the Suns atmosphere and are believed to be the source regions of fast flowing solar wind streams. Due to their lower density and temperature in contrast to the surrounding quiet sun, coronal holes can be observed as dark regions in extreme UV and X-ray emission. In addition, coronal holes feature an open magnetic field topology. These are magnetic field lines that do not close in the vicinity of the Sun, but far out in interplanetary space. Along those fieldlines, solar plasma is accelerated and ejected as solar wind. The resulting fast flowing solar winds are the major cause of minor to moderate geomagnetic disturbances near Earth. At the Sun, these open magnetic fields are rooted in so-called magnetic elements. These are small unipolar structures with the same polarity of the containing coronal hole. From these footpoints, the magnetic field can expand upwards to eventually fill most of the space in the higher layers of the solar atmosphere. In the lower atmosphere, near the solar photosphere, closed fields (loops) are present in addition to the open fields. The interplay and abundance of closed and open fields defines the vertical magnetic structure of coronal holes near the Sun. The true vertical magnetic structure in coronal hole is not yet fully understood. By using modern potential field modeling techniques, we model the 3D atmospheric magnetic structure of coronal holes from 2D magnetic field observations. For this we, use current magnetic field observations taken by the Solar Dynamics Observatory and synthetically generated magnetic field maps. This enables us to analyze the vertical magnetic field structure of solar coronal holes. The goal is to understand the defining properties and parameters, derive underlying physical principles and gain insights on the solar wind outflow. The model results will be compared with observations from higher layers of the atmosphere. This will be done to validate the model and to explain the observed structures in terms of magnetic field. In addition, we will use observations taken by the new Solar Orbiter spacecraft, that will provide groundbreaking observations at high latitudes. These observations will be used to analyze the magnetic structure of polar coronal holes and compare them to equatorial coronal holes.
Die magnetische Architektur von Koronalen Löchern entschlüsset Unsere moderne Gesellschaft ist untrennbar mit der Aktivität der Sonne verbunden. Neben Licht und Wärme sendet die Sonne einen stetigen Strom geladener Teilchen aus - den Sonnenwind. Diesen zu verstehen, ist entscheidend für den Schutz von Satelliten, Stromnetzen und Kommunikationssystemen. Im Zentrum stehen dabei Koronale Löcher: dunkle Regionen in der Sonnenatmosphäre mit "offenen" Magnetfeldlinien, die wie Düsen wirken und schnellen Sonnenwind direkt Richtung Erde lenken. Das Projekt "Magnetic Configuration of Coronal Holes", geleitet von Dr. Stephan G. Heinemann im Rahmen eines FWF-Schrödinger-Stipendiums, markiert einen bedeutenden Fortschritt in der Modellierung dieser Phänomene. Durch die Kombination von Potenzialfeld-Modellierung mit modernsten Beobachtungsdaten gelang es dem Team, die komplexe Geometrie der magnetischen Struktur, die sogenannte "magnetische Topologie", der Sonnenkorona zu kartografieren. Datenlücken schließen mit künstlichen Karten des Sonnenmagnetfelds Eine zentrale Herausforderung der Sonnenphysik ist die "Beobachtungslücke": Wir können nie die gesamte Sonnenoberfläche gleichzeitig sehen. Um dies zu lösen, leistete Dr. Heinemann Pionierarbeit bei der Verwendung künstlicher Magnetfeldkarten. Mithilfe von Oberflächentransportmodellen, sogennante "Surface Flux Transport Models", erstellte das Projekt synthetische Karten des gesamten solaren Magnetfelds. In seinen Arbeiten als Erstautor zeigte Dr. Heinemann, dass diese künstlichen Datensätze entscheidend sind, um Unsicherheiten in Sonnenwind-Vorhersagen zu quantifizieren. Durch die Simulation des Magnetfelds der gesamten Sonne - inklusive der von der Erde abgewandten Seite - identifizierte die Forschung exakt, wie unvollständige Daten zu Fehlern in physikalischen Modellen führen. Dies schafft die Basis für robustere Simulationen, die nicht mehr rein auf direkten Beobachtungen basieren. Magnetische Topologie und Loop-Statistiken Der wissenschaftliche Kern des Projekts liegt in der detaillierten Analyse der magnetischen Topologie Koronaler Löcher. Dr. Heinemanns Forschung ging über die bloße Identifizierung dieser Regionen hinaus und untersuchte deren interne "Verkabelung": Evolutionäre Dynamik: Untersuchungen zur Stabilität und den charakteristischen Kippbewegungen ("Tilting") von Koronalen Löchern in niedrigen Breiten. Das Rätsel des offenen magnetischen Flusses: Eine physikalische Erklärung für den plötzlichen Anstieg des "offenen" magnetischen Flusses während der Polumkehr der Sonne. Loop-Statistiken: Eine systematische Klassifizierung magnetischer Schleifen (Loops), die unterscheidet, welche Feldlinien geschlossen bleiben und welche aufbrechen, um den Sonnenwind ins All zu tragen. Durch die Entschlüsselung dieser magnetischen Konfigurationen liefert Dr. Heinemanns Forschung eine essenzielle Blaupause, um den unsichtbaren Einfluss unseres Sterns auf die technologische Infrastruktur der Erde besser zu verstehen.
- University of Helsinki , 24 months, Jens Pomoell
- Universität Graz , 12 months
Research Output
- 141 Citations
- 27 Publications
- 1 Datasets & models
- 2 Disseminations
- 5 Scientific Awards
- 1 Fundings
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2026
Title Disruption of the October 3, 2024 CME by the Heliospheric Current Sheet - A Sun-to-Earth Analysis DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu26-3021 Type Other Author Heinemann S -
2026
Title Magnetic Topology and Loop Statistics in Observed Coronal Holes Using Potential Field Modeling DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ae39c4 Type Journal Article Author Heinemann S Journal The Astrophysical Journal -
2026
Title Persistence of Solar Wind Velocity along Radial, Longitudinal, and Latitudinal Spacecraft Separation DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ae3dd9 Type Journal Article Author Milošić D Journal The Astrophysical Journal -
2025
Title Quantifying Uncertainties in Solar Wind Forecasting due to Incomplete Solar Magnetic Field Information DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/adcf9e Type Journal Article Author Heinemann S Journal The Astrophysical Journal Pages 166 Link Publication -
2025
Title Case study on the evolution of corotating interaction regions for the “smiley coronal holes”: 0.3 to 1 AU DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202453096 Type Journal Article Author Milošic D Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics Link Publication -
2024
Title A Community Data Set for Comparing Automated Coronal Hole Detection Schemes DOI 10.3847/1538-4365/ad1408 Type Journal Article Author Reiss M Journal The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series Pages 6 Link Publication -
2024
Title Unveiling the journey of a highly inclined CME DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202347083 Type Journal Article Author Carcaboso F Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics Link Publication -
2024
Title On the Origin of the Sudden Heliospheric Open Magnetic Flux Enhancement During the 2014 Pole Reversal DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ad2b69 Type Journal Article Author Heinemann S Journal The Astrophysical Journal Pages 151 Link Publication -
2024
Title Effects of different coronal hole geometries on simulations of the interaction between coronal waves and coronal holes DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202348003 Type Journal Article Author Piantschitsch I Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics Link Publication -
2024
Title Coronal Models and Detection of the Open Magnetic Field DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ad5155 Type Journal Article Author Asvestari E Journal The Astrophysical Journal Pages 45 Link Publication -
2024
Title Combined Surface Flux Transport and Helioseismic Far-Side Active Region Model (FARM) DOI 10.1007/s11207-024-02405-9 Type Journal Article Author Yang D Journal Solar Physics Pages 161 Link Publication -
2023
Title The short-term stability and tilting motion of a well-observed low-latitude solar coronal hole DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202347180 Type Journal Article Author Heinemann S Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics Link Publication -
2023
Title Role of initial density profiles in simulations of coronal wave-coronal hole interactions? DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202346871 Type Journal Article Author Piantschitsch I Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics Link Publication -
2023
Title FARM: Combined surface flux transport and helioseismic Far-side Active Region Model DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8789 Type Journal Article Author Heinemann S Link Publication -
2023
Title On the evolutionary aspects of solar coronal holes DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-8687 Type Journal Article Author Heinemann S Link Publication -
2023
Title The fast component of the solar wind: origins, correlations and modeling with EUHFORIA DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-9486 Type Journal Article Author Samara E Link Publication -
2023
Title The effect of the morphology of coronal holes on the propagational evolution of high-speed solar wind streams in the inner heliosphere DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14753 Type Journal Article Author Hofmeister S Link Publication -
2023
Title Improvements to the Empirical Solar Wind Forecast (ESWF) model DOI 10.1007/s11207-022-02102-5 Type Journal Article Author Milošic D Journal Solar Physics Pages 45 Link Publication -
2023
Title Differences in physical properties of coronal bright points and their ALMA counterparts within and outside coronal holes DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202244160 Type Journal Article Author Matkovic F Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics Link Publication -
2023
Title Space Weather Roadmap update for iSWAT Clusters H1+H2 DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-5512 Type Journal Article Author Temmer M Link Publication -
2023
Title Deflection/Rotation of Earth-directed CMEs DOI 10.5194/egusphere-egu23-1395 Type Journal Article Author Karuppiah S Link Publication -
2024
Title Classification of Enhanced Geoeffectiveness Resulting from High-speed Solar Wind Streams Compressing Slower Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/ad283a Type Journal Article Author Heinemann S Journal The Astrophysical Journal Letters -
2024
Title Early Evolution of Earth-Directed Coronal Mass Ejections in the Vicinity of Coronal Holes DOI 10.1007/s11207-024-02319-6 Type Journal Article Author Dumbović M Journal Solar Physics -
2023
Title CME Propagation Through the Heliosphere: Status and Future of Observations and Model Development DOI 10.1016/j.asr.2023.07.003 Type Journal Article Author Temmer M Journal Advances in Space Research Link Publication -
2025
Title Oscillations of the solar photospheric magnetic field caused by the m = 1 high-latitude inertial mode DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202557360 Type Journal Article Author Heinemann S Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics Link Publication -
2025
Title Formation of a Coronal Hole by a Quiet-Sun Filament Eruption DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/ae11b0 Type Journal Article Author Hofmeister S Journal The Astrophysical Journal Pages 190 Link Publication -
2025
Title Evaluating Solar Wind Forecast Using Magnetic Maps That Include Helioseismic Far-Side Information. DOI 10.1007/s11207-025-02563-4 Type Journal Article Author Heinemann Sg Journal Solar physics Pages 153
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2025
Title European Researchers' Night Graz Type Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution -
2023
Title Researchers Night at the University of Helsinki Type Participation in an open day or visit at my research institution
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2025
Title Invited Presentation : "Quantifying Uncertainties in Solar Wind Forecasting Due to Incomplete Solar Magnetic Field Information" Type Personally asked as a key note speaker to a conference Level of Recognition Continental/International -
2024
Title Invited Review Lecture : "Coronal Holes and Open Magnetic Flux" Type Personally asked as a key note speaker to a conference Level of Recognition Continental/International -
2024
Title ESPD Giancarlo Noci Early Career Researcher Prize Type Research prize Level of Recognition Continental/International -
2023
Title Outstanding Early Career Scientist Award Type Research prize Level of Recognition Continental/International -
2023
Title Invited Lecture : "On the evolutionary aspects of coronal holes" Type Personally asked as a key note speaker to a conference Level of Recognition Continental/International
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2025
Title US Air-Force Windows-on-Science (WoS) Travel Grant Type Research grant (including intramural programme) Start of Funding 2025 Funder Air Force Research Laboratory