Neustrukturierung des motorischen Schnelligkeitstrainings

The goal of the investigations carried out in the project were 1) the analysis of selected sport motions (running, jumping, throwing) and 2) a new type of description of motor speed in concert with traditional conditioning capacities. The fundamental concept comprised a restructuring of speed training given that previous traditional concepts oriented themselves too strongly towards conditioning characteristics (e.g. power) whereby the specific status of speed both was and is controversial in training science. The present project was pursued on the premise of registering all necessary steps for knowledge from applied research to implementation in high performance sports training. In this manner the performance gain moved to the forefront via an essential increase in the quality of motion as a new manner of envisioning both the organization and control of the quality of motion was constructed. The track and field sprint as the quintessential discipline of speed was first defined as the investigated motion; later an expansion took place including already listed disciplines. Applied within the framework of the investigations were not only imaging processes with high image frequency and precision measurement systems for registering the electrical activity of engaged muscles, but also systems for measuring forces that occurred or were produced. The data were thereafter made intra- and inter-individually comparable using numerous statistical processes. The problem of the origin of very monotonous conceptions of speed training may be connected with the theoretically fundamental concept of motor control which previously was similarly structured either too simply and mechanically or too abstractly and therefore did not appear applicable in sports praxis. Through an adequate order of investigation, we therefore sought first to illuminate the sprint from the standpoint of muscular coordination. The results brought forth an in part unexpectedly open space for developing new training exercises, forms of loading, and patterns of motion which called for much creativity and flexibility in sports praxis. In order to provide the needed support from sports science, this methodological space was filled with intervention studies and the effectiveness of the methods of variable training or, respectively, differential learning in jumping was examined. Building upon these results, one can expect a performance increase in the future in nearly all areas of sport and for all age groups, if the effective training stimulus is provoked via a biologically adequate adaptation in the motion control system. Previously unseen is the possible performance development when these innovative training concepts are implemented over the long term, established in and accompanied by a correspondingly scientific approach.