Historical Dictionary of French Short Adverbs, vol.2

The Dictionnaire historique de ladjectif-adverbe (Historical Dictionary of French Adjective-Adverbs) is situated in a research context dealing with several Romance languages. Indeed, all these languages share the Indo-European tradition of using adjectives as adverbs, without any suffix, and especially in spoken language. The Indo-European includes English, where adjective-adverbs are generally known as short adverbs, e.g. speak clear. However, no systematic linguistic study has yet been dedicated to the historical development of these expressions. This is the object of this dictionary. For this purpose, an open access data base has been created which contains about 15.000 citations. Hence, the scientific community can freely use it for research (https://adjective-adverb.uni-graz.at) The dictionary provides a systematic empirical basis for research on the diachrony of short adverbs in French. The fact that short adverbs are well established in usage justifies the conception of a dictionary. However, they are also widely used for creating new expressions. Consequently, the dictionary combines the documentation of established with that of productive usage. Aside from these linguistic purposes, the dictionary offers pleasant readings. In fact, the French linguist Lucien Tesnière alluded to the combinations of short adverbs as savory expressions: Manger froid, boire chaud, dormir couché, debout Un garçon com moi saccommode de tout Visons haut, pensons vrai, marchons droit Jachète frais, jachète appétissant, jachète sain parce que jachète sous cellophane Chiez dur ou chiez mou, mais chiez dans le trou The dictionary thus provides entries for 1300 expressions that combine a verb with an adjective- adverb. The expressions are classified by alphabetical order, that is, from abaisser bas to voter utile. The number of different adjective-adverbs comes close to 300. The 1.300 entries are documented and illustrated with approximatively 10.000 citations covering the whole period from medieval to present day French. The impressive richness of usage shows that the usual perception in grammars of adjective-adverbs constituting a short and almost closed list of units does not match reality. The dictionary also includes some 3.500 citations stemming from Internet sources in order to testify informal present day usage. The dictionary is preceded by a substantial linguistic introduction providing the state of the art of research on adjective-adverbs. In fact, since its creation, the research group Adjective-Adverb Interfaces in Romance, which has realized this dictionary, has published more than sixty articles and books on this topic (https://adjective-adverb.uni-graz.at). The dictionary thus combines lexicographic documentation with linguistic research.