My book deals for the first time comprehensively with the techniques (and methodologies) od socio-cultural
research in pre-modern societies. Contrary to prevailing opinion, it holds that some form of empirical research in
these domains must have been present in all human groups, and every type of society, otherwise they would not
have been able to adapt to other groups and to their own Internal changes. I distinguish between three basic
research techniques: (1) travel, (2) the survey, and (3) the collection and interpretation of material objects..
Chapters I-III follow the development of these techniques from primitive societies via the early civilizations
(exemplified by the Ancient near East, Egypt, Israel and the Greco-Roman world) and the Middle Ages to Early
Modern Western Society. The mainstay of the book is the period from late humanism to the "scientific revolution"
(circa 1570-1660),when all the techniques were refined and two of them (travel and collecting) were methodized.
In that period also the age-old barriers against the accumulation of the research results and thus the development of
socio-cultural sciences, namely secrecy and topicality, began to break down. I hold that all this contributed
decisively to the hegemony of the west over all other World civilizations.
Chapters IV-VIII deal with some special problems of the following period from the "scientific revolution" to the
onset of Modernity (circa 1660-1800). They are closely interconnected and add some significant and lively details
to the generalizations of chapters I-III.