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SFG Spectroscopy of Pd/GR Model Catalysts

SFG Spectroscopy of Pd/GR Model Catalysts

Xia Li (ORCID: 0000-0003-2504-239X)
  • Grant DOI 10.55776/M2787
  • Funding program Lise Meitner
  • Status ended
  • Start August 1, 2019
  • End November 30, 2021
  • Funding amount € 159,340
  • Project website

Disciplines

Chemistry (100%)

Keywords

    Sum Frequency Generation, Catalysis, Orientation, Surface Science

Abstract Final report

In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten gab es erhebliche Anstrengungen, die der heterogenen Katalyse zugrunde liegenden Prozesse zu erklären. Obwohl dabei bedeutende Fortschritte gemacht wurden, werden solche Studien noch immer durch die Komplexität der Katalysatoren erschwert (materials gap, "Materiallücke", zwischen simplen Modellsystemen und komplexen industriellen Katalysatoren), sowie durch den Druckunterschied(pressure gap, "Drucklücke",zwischenUltrahochvakuum(UHV)basierten Modellstudien und der realen Katalyse, die bei 1-100 bar stattfindet). Zusätzlich ist die Quantifizierung von Oberflächenprozessen schwierig. Dementsprechend soll zunächst die Präparation eines realistischen Modellkatalysators mit komplexer Struktur und Zusammensetzung erfolgen und später die Aktivität als Funktion von Gasdruck (Partialdrücken) und Temperatur untersucht werden, um die zuvor genannten "Lücken" zu verkleinern. Der Modellkatalysator besteht aus 3 Lagen: (i) einem Iridium (Ir) Einkristall als Substrat, welcher (ii) mit einem dünnen Kohlenstoff (Graphen) film (GR) bedeckt wird, auf dessen Oberfläche (iii) Palladium (Pd) Nanopartikel gewachsen werden: Pd/GR/Ir(111). Um die Eigenschaften des Katalysators zu verstehen, sind systematische Untersuchung der CO Adsorption und Oxidation (statisch und dynamisch) geplant. Die CO Adsorptionsmodi (on-top, bridge, hollow) auf Pd Nanoteilchen verschieder Größe/Form auf GR/Ir(111) werden mittels sum frequency generation (SFG) untersucht. Polarisations- und konfigurations(Einfallswinkel)-abhängige Summenfrequenzerzeugung (SFG) wird eingesetzt, um Orientierungen von CO an Grenzflächen zu bestimmen, z.B. auf verschiedenen Pd/GR/Ir(111) Katalysatoren (Pd Nanopartikel unterschiedlicher Größen mit planaren und gekippten Fazetten) im Druckbereich von UHV bis Atmosphärendruck. Literaturdaten über Pd Einkristalle und neue Experimente an Ir(111) und GR/Ir(111) dienen als Referenz. Insgesamt soll dadurch ermöglicht werden, die aktiven Plätze und Reaktionseigenschaften zu charakterisieren (z.B. Temperatur des Reaktionsstarts, Aktivierungsenergie). Abgesehen von Pd Nanoteilchen unterschiedlicher Größe, werden Rh und Pt Nanopartikel auf GR/Ir(111) studiert (hauptsächlich on-top CO Adsorption aber Pt ist schwer oxidierbar). Die wichtigste Untersuchungsmethode wird SFG Schwingungsspektroskopie sein, welche molekulare Informationen über Oberflächenadsorbate in situ während laufender katalytischer Reaktionen liefern kann. Diese Messungen werden durch weitere UHV-Methoden zur Charakterisierung von Modellkatalysatoren ergänzt (Beugung niederenergetischer Elektronen an Oberflächen "LEED", Auger Spektroskopie "AES" und Temperatur-programmierte Desorption "TPD"). Aufgrund ihrer Oberflächenselektivität und Molekülspezifität ist SFG sehr gut für die geplanten Untersuchungen geeignet. Infolge des komplexen Aufbaus des Lasersystems und der Kombination mit einer UHV/Katalyse-Zelle verfügen aber nur wenigen Gruppen weltweit über ein derartiges Setup. Die Partikelgröße/form und Zusammensetzung der Katalysatorenwerdendaneben mitRöntgen-Photoelektronen-Spektroskopie (XPS) und Rastertunnelmikroskopie (STM) ermittelt.

The Lise Meitner project (M 2787-N) examined CO adsorption on metal surfaces by combining laser spectroscopy with surface science methods. As a first major result, CO adsorbed on smooth/perfect Ir(111) was found to be tilted at high coverage but upright at low coverage, analyzed by combined sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. However, on rough/defective surfaces, the CO tilt angle had only weak coverage-dependence and CO preferred being upright. CO can adopt three different overlayer structures characterized by low energy electron spectroscopy (LEED): (33)R30 and diffuse (2323)R30 at low exposure, and (3333)R30 at high exposure/pressure. The former two overlayer structures have been often reported, while the latter one has been rarely observed. Further studies, also including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and LEED indicated that CO dissociation does not occur at low pressure/high temperature or high pressure/low temperature. However, after heatup (room temperature to ~600 K) and cooldown (~600 K to room temperature) in a background of high pressure CO, the obtained irreversible SFG spectra implied that CO dissociated on both the smooth and defective Ir(111), yielding carbon deposits. SFG spectra upon carbon oxidation and XPS spectra of Ir(111) after annealing in CO at ~600 K indirectly and directly confirmed the formation of surface carbon species, respectively. DFT calculations suggested that at high CO partial pressure and thus high CO surface coverage, adsorbed surface CO can react with gas phase CO at increasing temperature via disproportionation (Boudouard reaction 2CO CO2 + C), forming CO2 and leaving a C atom behind on the Ir surface. A graphene (GR) monolayer was successfully grown on Ir(111) by thermal decomposition of ethylene. Characterization by LEED evidenced a complete continuous GR-layer because no CO intercalation was observed in SFG spectra at several mbar pressure, further confirmed by LEED patterns of GR/Ir(111). However, after 10s Argon ion sputtering, the LEED patterns of GR became fuzzy, indicating damage. However, upon exposing several mbar CO on sputtered GR/Ir(111), no CO signal was still observed in SFG. This demonstrates that even a damaged structure of graphene fully covers the Ir surface, preventing CO adsorption. The GR/Ir(111) surface is currently used as substrate for the growth of Pd nanoparticles.

Research institution(s)
  • Technische Universität Wien - 100%

Research Output

  • 39 Citations
  • 3 Publications
Publications
  • 2021
    Title Sum frequency generation spectroscopy in heterogeneous model catalysis: a minireview of CO-related processes
    DOI 10.1039/d0cy01736a
    Type Journal Article
    Author Li X
    Journal Catalysis Science & Technology
    Pages 12-26
    Link Publication
  • 2022
    Title CO Adsorption and Disproportionation on Smooth and Defect-Rich Ir(111)
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c01141
    Type Journal Article
    Author Li X
    Journal The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
    Pages 6578-6589
    Link Publication
  • 2020
    Title Coverage-Induced Orientation Change: CO on Ir(111) Monitored by Polarization-Dependent Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c04986
    Type Journal Article
    Author Li X
    Journal The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
    Pages 18102-18111
    Link Publication

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