Study of the global distribution of the radionuclide 99Tc

The radionuclide Technetium-99 (99Tc) has a very long half-life of 210.000 years and has been emitted into the environment by nuclear weapons tests and in particular by the reprocessing plants situated in Northern France and Western Great Britain and therefore should be generally present in trace concentrations on the Northern Hemisphere. Apart from the production in nuclear power production, 99Tc also increasingly accumulates as waste from medical tracer applications. The most stable chemical form of 99Tc is highly water soluble and hence, shows a mobile migration behaviour in the environment so that 99Tc is considered to be a nuclide of primary concern for the final storage of nuclear wastes. Owing to its high solubility, 99Tc was proposed as oceanographic tracer to study ocean currents which considerably influence our climate. However, the chemical form of Tc strongly depends on the chemical conditions e.g. on the pH-value and probably also on the emission source. Whereas the 99Tc distribution in the North Atlantic Ocean introduced as liquid discharges by the reprocessing plants is rather well studied, there is hardly any data on the global distribution of 99Tc in other environmental reservoirs affected by nuclear weapons fallout so that little is known on the general migration behaviour in these environments. The reason is that the detection of trace concentrations of 99Tc by its activity requires large sample volumes (several hundred to 1000 litres of ocean water) due to its long half-life and mass- spectrometric techniques are usually limited by interfering background with the same mass. In addition, Tc is lacking a stable isotope which is usually necessary to normalize the measurement results in mass-spectrometry to arrive at a final concentration in the sample. In the proposed project, the ultra- sensitive detection method Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) will be applied to obtain a first large data set on 99Tc concentrations in the environment including depth profiles from the Pacific Ocean to study the migration behaviour of 99Tc from nuclear weapons fallout. To establish the present concentrations of 99Tc in Austria, river water and soil samples from the Vienna metropolitan area will be analysed. For the normalization of the results, a known amount of another Tc isotope will be added to the samples, which is the first time this technique is used in combination with AMS. In order to overcome the problem of interference from background with the same mass, two different approaches will be applied: A gas-filled magnet setup available at the Technical University of Munich, which has already shown to reach a sufficient suppression of the background, and an Ion-Laser-InterAction-Mass Spectrometry (ILIAMS) setup recently installed at the University of Vienna. The latter one is a novel technique, which enables the use of low-energy accelerator systems where beam time is readily available. This is crucial to increase the throughput of samples for 99Tc analysis and hence, to improve the database for the 99Tc distribution in the environment which is urgently needed to establish the general environmental level of 99Tc. Within the frame of this project, ILIAMS will be developed for the detection of 99Tc and its ability to suppress background interfering with 99Tc will be tested. For both methods chemical procedures for Tc extraction and purification from environmental samples will be developed.