Methodological Innovations in pXRF Studies

Portable X-ray fluorescence, or pXRF, is a non- to minimal-destructive analytical method that uses a small handheld device to determine the chemical composition of samples directly at the object of interest. It is widely used in archaeology, museum work, and heritage research. Even though the method is popular, there have long been major differences in how measurements are carried out, evaluated, and reported. This makes it harder to compare results across projects and institutions. This publication brings together the results of an international conference held in Vienna in September 2024. The meeting was created to improve the way pXRF is used in practice and to support the development of shared standards. Researchers from around the world discussed how to make measurements more reliable, how to recognize the limits of the method, and how to improve the quality of data. The volume presents twelve contributions that address both methodological questions and practical case studies. Some papers focus on better daily workflows, calibration methods, and quality control. Others show how pXRF can be applied under difficult real-life conditions, for example in museums, in fieldwork, or on objects affected by corrosion or conservation treatments. The publication also highlights new digital approaches, including machine learning, that can help identify patterns in complex datasets. A central result of the conference was the creation of the Global pXRF Network (GopXRF.net), an international community that supports exchange, training, and the development of good practice. The publication shows that pXRF is much more than a quick technical tool. Used carefully, it can provide valuable insights into past materials and technologies. At the same time, the volume makes clear that meaningful results depend on transparent methods, collaboration, and high data quality. Designed as a practical reference for everyday use and workflow development, the publication supports the long-term goal of making pXRF research more reliable, comparable, and transparent, and underscores the importance of stronger international cooperation.