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Interpreting the Rich Chemistry of Exoplanet Atmospheres

Interpreting the Rich Chemistry of Exoplanet Atmospheres

Patricio Ernesto Cubillos Vallejos (ORCID: 0000-0002-1347-2600)
  • Grant DOI 10.55776/J4595
  • Funding program Erwin Schrödinger
  • Status ended
  • Start November 22, 2021
  • End February 21, 2025
  • Funding amount € 168,215
  • Project website

Disciplines

Physics, Astronomy (100%)

Keywords

    Astrophysics, Exoplanets, Planetary Atmospheres, Radiative Transfer, Chemistry, Bayesian statistics

Abstract Final report

A main goal of exoplanet science is to widen our understanding of planetary physics. To date, spectroscopic observations of transiting exoplanets are the leading techniques for the characterization of atmospheric temperatures and compositions. Generally, researchers have modeled the chemistry of hot exoplanets assuming thermochemical equilibrium; however, to interpret the physics of warm and temperate exoplanets it is necessary to quantify the effects of disequilibrium chemistry. This is not possible without the detection of multiple species in their atmospheres. Recent observation with the GIANO-B infrared high-resolution spectrograph have leadfor the first timeto the simultaneous detection of the main CNO-bearing species in exoplanet atmospheres (H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, NH3, HCN, and C2H2), allowing us to probe which chemical processes dominate the physical properties of exoplanets with unprecedented detail. We aim to answer the following fundamental questions of planetary atmospheric physics: (1) What is the atmospheric composition of exoplanets? (2) When and to which extent different chemical processes alter an observed composition? (3) What is the elemental compositional budget of these atmospheres (e.g., C/H, N/H, C/O ratios)? (4) Infer how did these planets form and evolve given their present (observed) compositions? We will tailor our Bayesian atmospheric retrieval framework for high-resolution cross-correlation observations. We will develop atmospheric models under equilibrium and disequilibrium chemistry (quenching) for use as forward models and retrievals. First, we will use these models to explore the impact of disequilibrium chemistry on exoplanets and their spectra. Then, we will apply these tools to the unrivaled characterizing power of GIANO-B observations. The INAF-Torino collaboration will guarantee access to a sample of 1630 exoplanets. The systematic study of this sample will produce statistically robust composition constraints and allow us to test which chemical processes are consistent with the observations. We will bring together state-of-the-art research methods for (1) high-resolution analyses, (2) a Bayesian statistics framework, and (3) chemistry models under equilibrium and disequilibrium prescriptions. No such ensemble of tools exists today in the field. We will provide immediate community access by releasing the developed software as open-source code. Finally, we will apply these techniques to GIANO-B observations; therefore, combining the best available observational resources with cutting-edge data- and theoretical-modeling resources in the field. In this way, we will improve our understanding of disequilibrium chemistry.

Ziel dieses Projekts ist es, die chemische Zusammensetzung von Gasriesen außerhalb unseres Sonnensystems besser zu verstehen - insbesondere die Wechselwirkungen zwischen dynamischen und chemischen Prozessen in ihren Atmosphären. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurden neue Modellierungswerkzeuge entwickelt und auf reale Beobachtungsdaten angewendet, um herauszufinden, welche physikalischen und chemischen Prozesse dabei eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Besonders hervorzuheben ist die Entwicklung einer Pipeline, mit der kombinierte Daten von Weltraum- und bodengestützten Teleskopen interpretiert werden können. Wir analysierten bodengebundene Beobachtungen, die mit dem Spektrographen GIANO-B für drei Planeten gemacht wurden: WASP-80b, WASP-69b und HAT-P-11b. Unsere Studien zeigten das Vorkommen mehrerer chemischer Spezies in deren Atmosphären (wie Wasser, Kohlenmonoxid, Ammoniak oder Methan). Dies weist entweder auf chemische Prozesse hin, die die Atmosphärenzusammensetzung aus dem Gleichgewicht bringen, oder auf eine Elementverteilung, die sich stark von den Erwartungen aus dem Sonnensystem unterscheidet - oder auf beides. Diese Beobachtungen führten auch zu neuen Folgebeobachtungen von WASP-69b mit dem James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), deren Daten in Zukunft ausgewertet werden sollen. Als Teil unserer Bemühungen, den Einfluss chemischer Prozesse auf Exoplanetenatmosphären besser zu verstehen, entwickelten wir Gen TSO - ein neues Simulationswerkzeug zur Planung von JWST-Beobachtungen. Gen TSO ermöglicht es Wissenschaftler\*innen, die statistische Aussagekraft von JWST für den Nachweis atmosphärischer Moleküle abzuschätzen und so die Fähigkeit von JWST zu testen, zwischen unterschiedlichen chemischen und planetaren Entstehungstheorien zu unterscheiden. Das Tool ist quelloffen verfügbar und stellt damit eine praktische Ressource für die Forschungsgemeinschaft dar. Die in diesem Projekt entwickelten Modelle setzen neue Maßstäbe für die Interpretation von Exoplanetenbeobachtungen und bilden die Grundlage für eine genauere Charakterisierung von Atmosphären im JWST-Zeitalter und darüber hinaus.

Research institution(s)
  • Universita di Torino - 100%
  • Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften - 100%

Research Output

  • 67 Citations
  • 42 Publications
  • 4 Datasets & models
  • 1 Software
  • 1 Fundings
Publications
  • 2024
    Title CHEOPS observations of KELT-20 b/MASCARA-2 b: An aligned orbit and signs of variability from a reflective day side
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202347533
    Type Journal Article
    Author Scandariato G
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title The GAPS Programme at TNG LV. Multiple molecular species in the atmosphere of HAT-P-11 b and review of the HAT-P-11 planetary system
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202347659
    Type Journal Article
    Author Basilicata M
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Precise characterisation of HD 15337 with CHEOPS: A laboratory for planet formation and evolution
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202347759
    Type Journal Article
    Author Demangeon O
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title CHEOPS in-flight performance A comprehensive look at the first 3.5 yr of operations
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202348576
    Type Journal Article
    Author Fortier A
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Characterisation of the warm-Jupiter TOI-1130 system with CHEOPS and a photo-dynamical approach
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202450974
    Type Journal Article
    Author Borsato L
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title The CHEOPS view of the climate of WASP-3 b
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202451049
    Type Journal Article
    Author Carone L
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Hints of a close outer companion to the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-2109 b
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202451068
    Type Journal Article
    Author Harre J
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Detection of faculae in the transit and transmission spectrum of WASP-69b
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202451740
    Type Journal Article
    Author Chakraborty H
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title The tidal deformation and atmosphere of WASP-12 b from its phase curve
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202348502
    Type Journal Article
    Author Akinsanmi B
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Characterising TOI-732 b and c: New insights into the M-dwarf radius and density valley
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202348180
    Type Journal Article
    Author Bonfanti A
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Asymmetry in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-76 b
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202348270
    Type Journal Article
    Author Cubillos P
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title The K2-24 planetary system revisited by CHEOPS
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202450852
    Type Journal Article
    Author Borsato L
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Discovery of two warm mini-Neptunes with contrasting densities orbiting the young K3V star TOI-815
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202348678
    Type Journal Article
    Author Osborn H
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Detailed cool star flare morphology with CHEOPS and TESS
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202348951
    Type Journal Article
    Author Bruno G
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title HIP 41378 observed by CHEOPS: Where is planet d?
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202449689
    Type Journal Article
    Author Borsato L
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Photo-dynamical characterisation of the TOI-178 resonant chain Exploring the robustness of transit-timing variations and radial velocity mass characterisations
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202450212
    Type Journal Article
    Author Delisle J
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Unveiling the internal structure and formation history of the three planets transiting HIP 29442 (TOI-469) with CHEOPS
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202450472
    Type Journal Article
    Author Egger J
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title TOI-837 b: Characterisation, formation, and evolutionary history of an infant warm Saturn-mass planet
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202450679
    Type Journal Article
    Author Damasso M
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Characterisation of the TOI-421 planetary system using CHEOPS, TESS, and archival radial velocity data
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202348584
    Type Journal Article
    Author Krenn A
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title HR 10 as seen by CHEOPS and TESS Revealing Scuti pulsations, granulation-like signal and hint for transients
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202346180
    Type Journal Article
    Author Salmon S
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2025
    Title Transit-timing variations in the AU Mic system observed with CHEOPS
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202452699
    Type Journal Article
    Author Boldog Á
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title The EBLM Project- XI. Mass, radius, and effective temperature measurements for 23M-dwarf companions to solar-type stars observed with CHEOPS
    DOI 10.1093/mnras/stad3866
    Type Journal Article
    Author Maxted P
    Journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
  • 2024
    Title Architecture of TOI-561 planetary system
    DOI 10.1093/mnras/stae2440
    Type Journal Article
    Author Piotto G
    Journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
  • 2024
    Title The CHEOPS view of the climate of WASP-3 b
    DOI 10.3929/ethz-b-000711907
    Type Other
    Author Carone
    Link Publication
  • 2024
    Title Gen TSO: A General JWST Simulator for Exoplanet Times-series Observations
    DOI 10.1088/1538-3873/ad8fd4
    Type Journal Article
    Author Cubillos P
    Journal Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
  • 2025
    Title Horizontal and vertical exoplanet thermal structure from a JWST spectroscopic eclipse map.
    DOI 10.1038/s41550-025-02666-9
    Type Journal Article
    Author Challener Rc
    Journal Nature astronomy
    Pages 1821-1832
  • 2025
    Title Kinetic and Photochemical Disequilibrium in the Potentially Carbon-rich Atmosphere of the Warm Jupiter WASP-69 b
    DOI 10.3847/1538-4357/adaa7d
    Type Journal Article
    Author Bangera N
    Journal The Astrophysical Journal
  • 2025
    Title CHEOPS observations confirm nodal precession in the WASP-33 system
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202452151
    Type Journal Article
    Author Csizmadia S
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2025
    Title A joint effort to discover and characterize two resonant mini-Neptunes around TOI-1803 with TESS, HARPS-N, and CHEOPS
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202451180
    Type Journal Article
    Author Malavolta L
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2024
    Title Nightside clouds and disequilibrium chemistry on the hot Jupiter WASP-43b.
    DOI 10.1038/s41550-024-02230-x
    Type Journal Article
    Author Bell Tj
    Journal Nature astronomy
    Pages 879-898
  • 2023
    Title CUTE Reveals Escaping Metals in the Upper Atmosphere of the Ultrahot Jupiter WASP-189b
    DOI 10.3847/2041-8213/acef1c
    Type Journal Article
    Author France K
    Journal The Astrophysical Journal Letters
  • 2023
    Title Refined parameters of the HD 22946 planetary system and the true orbital period of planet d
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202345943
    Type Journal Article
    Author Garai Z
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2023
    Title A new dynamical modeling of the WASP-47 system with CHEOPS observations
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202245486
    Type Journal Article
    Author Borsato L
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2023
    Title The Hubble/ STIS near-ultraviolet transmission spectrum of HD 189733 b
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202245064
    Type Journal Article
    Author Cubillos P
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2023
    Title No random transits in CHEOPS observations of HD 139139
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202347779
    Type Journal Article
    Author Alonso R
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2023
    Title Refining the properties of the TOI-178 system with CHEOPS and TESS
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202245479
    Type Journal Article
    Author Delrez L
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2023
    Title TOI-5678b: A 48-day transiting Neptune-mass planet characterized with CHEOPS and HARPS
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202245478
    Type Journal Article
    Author Osborn H
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
  • 2022
    Title Impact of Mg ii interstellar medium absorption on near-ultraviolet exoplanet transit measurements
    DOI 10.1093/mnras/stac3690
    Type Journal Article
    Author Sreejith A
    Journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
    Pages 2101-2118
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title The Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE) signal to noise calculator
    DOI 10.1007/s10509-023-04187-1
    Type Journal Article
    Author Fossati L
    Journal Astrophysics and Space Science
  • 2023
    Title A super-massive Neptune-sized planet.
    DOI 10.1038/s41586-023-06499-2
    Type Journal Article
    Author Mancini L
    Journal Nature
    Pages 255-260
  • 2022
    Title The GAPS Programme at TNG
    DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/202243854
    Type Journal Article
    Author Guilluy G
    Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics
    Link Publication
  • 2022
    Title The GAPS Programme at TNG XXXIX. Multiple Molecular Species in the Atmosphere of the Warm Giant Planet WASP-80 b Unveiled at High Resolution with GIANO-B * * Based on observations made with the Italian Telescopio Nazionale Galileo (TNG) operated by t
    DOI 10.3847/1538-3881/ac80bf
    Type Journal Article
    Author Carleo I
    Journal The Astronomical Journal
    Pages 101
    Link Publication
Datasets & models
  • 2025 Link
    Title Cross sections for exoplanet atmospheres (part 1)
    DOI 10.5281/zenodo.16965390
    Type Database/Collection of data
    Public Access
    Link Link
  • 2025 Link
    Title Cross sections for exoplanet atmospheres (part 2)
    DOI 10.5281/zenodo.17060936
    Type Database/Collection of data
    Public Access
    Link Link
  • 2024 Link
    Title WASP-3 b CHEOPS light curves
    DOI 10.26093/cds/vizier.36920129
    Type Database/Collection of data
    Public Access
    Link Link
  • 2024 Link
    Title Gen TSO
    DOI 10.1088/1538-3873/ad8fd4
    Type Computer model/algorithm
    Public Access
    Link Link
Software
  • 2024 Link
    Title Gen TSO
    DOI 10.1088/1538-3873/ad8fd4
    Link Link
Fundings
  • 2024
    Title Funding for JWST observing program 3712
    Type Research grant (including intramural programme)
    Start of Funding 2024
    Funder Space Telescope Science Institute

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