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The Skeptical Perspective

The Skeptical Perspective

Guido Melchior (ORCID: 0000-0001-6494-560X)
  • Grant DOI 10.55776/P28884
  • Funding program Principal Investigator Projects
  • Status ended
  • Start April 1, 2016
  • End March 31, 2020
  • Funding amount € 202,256
  • Project website

Disciplines

Philosophy, Ethics, Religion (100%)

Keywords

    Epistemology, Mooreanism, Skepticism, Contextualism, Bootstrapping

Abstract Final report

Skepticism is the thesis that we cannot have knowledge in a domain in which we ordinarily think that knowledge is possible. Skepticism is a problem because it conflicts with our common sense view and our positive philosophical assumptions about the possibilities of knowledge. From this point of view, explaining and solving the skeptical problem is still one of the central challenges in epistemology and many epistemological approaches can be regarded as a reaction to skepticism in one way or another. Skepticism can take different forms. This project aims to provide a novel explanation and solution for the most discussed version of skepticismskepticism about the external world as introduced by Descartes. In the contemporary literature, the problem is presented in the form of the following argument: If I have knowledge about the external world, then I know that the skeptical hypothesis is false. I do not know that the skeptical hypothesis is false. Therefore, I do not have knowledge about the external world. This argument confronts us with a puzzle: Each of the premises seems plausible, but the conclusion seems unacceptable. A satisfying solution to the skeptical problem has to accomplish two tasks: First, it has to show how we can have knowledge about the external world, and, second, it must explain the striking plausibility of the skeptical argument. In this research project, I will elaborate the following novel view. We have to distinguish the cognitive processes of ordinary belief-acquisition and self-reflection from those involved in self-reflection based on doubting ones own experiences and beliefs. In the case of ordinary self-reflection, we form beliefs about the world and, partly based on these beliefs, we reflectively believe that we have true beliefs about the world. The skeptic argues that this is an instance of Moorean reasoning that faces the problem of transmission failure, or insensitivity, or of unpersuasiveness. I will argue that these problems only arise for the particular cognitive process of self-reflection based on doubting ones own beliefs. This cognitive process is based on a shift of perspective by taking a detached point of view towards our own mental states when focusing on the representational nature of our own experiences and beliefs. I label this view perspectivism. This research project aims at finishing five articles on skepticism and on the limits of argumentation, demonstration and checking for international peer-reviewed journals and at authoring a monograph entitled The Skeptical Perspective.

In diesem Projekt wurde eine Monografie 'Guido Melchior: Knowing and Checking: An Epistemological Investigation (Routledge 2019, viii + 278pp)' sowie weitere Artikel verfasst. Checken und Überprüfen sind sehr geläufige Begriffe, um die epistemischen Ziele und Handlungen einer Person zu beschreiben. Überraschenderweise wurde jedoch dem Begriff des Checkens bisher keinerlei philosophische Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt, so dass sich bis jetzt keine ausgearbeitete Theorie des Checkens auf dem Markt befindet. In Knowing and Checking: An Epistemological Investigation argumentiere ich, dass erfolgreiches Checken am besten anhand der modalen Eigenschaften der verwendeten Methode charakterisiert wird. Insbesondere verlangt erfolgreiches Checken, ob eine Proposition p wahr ist, eine sensitive Methode, d.h. eine Methode, die nicht anzeigen würde, dass p wahr ist, wenn p falsch wäre. Daher ist Sensitivität notwendig für Checken, während es, wie in der philosophischen Literatur argumentiert wurde, nicht notwendig für Wissen ist. Insofern stellt Sensitivität ein entscheidendes Unterscheidungsmerkmal zwischen Wissen und Checken dar. Knowing and Checking: An Epistemological Investigation erfüllt drei Hauptziele: (1) Es betritt wissenschaftliches Neuland, indem es die erste umfassende Theorie des Checkens und Überprüfens entwickelt. (2) Es liefert eine neue Erklärung hartnäckiger erkenntnistheoretischer Probleme, wie etwa des skeptischen Problems, mittels einer Theorie des Checkens anstatt mittels einer Theorie des Wissens, wie es die übliche erkenntnistheoretische Strategie ist. (3) Es entscheidet eine lebendige erkenntnistheoretische Debatte über Sensitivität, indem es argumentiert, dass Sensitivität notwendig für Checken, nicht aber für Wissen ist, womit eine neue Heimat für das viel diskutierte Sensitivitätsprinzip gefunden wird. Methodische Originalität des Projekts: Die meisten erkenntnistheoretischen Fragen und Ansätze fokussieren auf den Begriff des Wissens. Allerdings sind unsere epistemischen und rationalen Praxen vielfältig und schließen Checken, Argumentieren, Überzeugen, Demonstrieren und Beweisen mit ein. Dementsprechend betreffen viele unserer epistemischen Intuitionen nicht nur den Begriff des Wissens, sondern auch diese alternativen epistemischen Begriffe und Praxen. Dennoch werden diese Begriffe in der Erkenntnistheorie stark vernachlässigt. Dies ist aus zwei Gründen ein Fehler. Erstens sind diese Begriffe selbst interessant und verdienen unser erkenntnistheoretische Aufmerksamkeit. Zweitens bereichert ein Verständnis dieser Begriffe auch unser Verständnis von Wissen und unsere Intuitionen zu Wissen. Entgegen der orthodoxen Erkenntnistheorie uns insbesondere entgegen der Wissen-zuerst-Erkenntnistheorie, wie von Williamson vertreten, besteht mein methodologischer Ansatz darin, diese geläufigen, aber vernachlässigten epistemischen Begriffe zu analysieren. Dies ist ein offenes Projekt. Erstens kann die erarbeitete Sensitivitätstheorie des Checkens weiterentwickelt werden und weitere Anwendungen können gefunden werden. Zweitens können andere epistemische Begriffe, wie z.B. Argumentieren analog analysiert werden. Dadurch erweitern wir schrittweise den Gegenstandsbereich erkenntnistheoretischer Analyse.

Research institution(s)
  • Universität Graz - 100%
International project participants
  • Nenad Miscevic, University of Maribor - Slovenia
  • Ernest Sosa, Rutgers University - USA
  • Peter D. Klein, Rutgers University - USA
  • Keith Lehrer, University of Arizona - USA
  • Stewart Cohen, University of Arizona - USA
  • Duncan Pritchard, University of Edinburgh

Research Output

  • 66 Citations
  • 23 Publications
  • 2 Scientific Awards
Publications
  • 2020
    Title Sensitivity Principle in Epistemology; In: Philosophy
    DOI 10.1093/obo/9780195396577-0404
    Type Book Chapter
    Publisher Oxford University Press
  • 2020
    Title A modal theory of discrimination
    DOI 10.1007/s11229-020-02747-4
    Type Journal Article
    Author Melchior G
    Journal Synthese
    Pages 10661-10684
    Link Publication
  • 2019
    Title Knowing and Checking, An Epistemological Investigation
    DOI 10.4324/9780429030239
    Type Book
    Author Melchior G
    Publisher Taylor & Francis
  • 2019
    Title Checking, Alternatives, and Discrimination; In: Knowing and Checking - An Epistemological Investigation
    DOI 10.4324/9780429030239-4
    Type Book Chapter
    Publisher Routledge
  • 2019
    Title Introduction; In: Knowing and Checking - An Epistemological Investigation
    DOI 10.4324/9780429030239-1
    Type Book Chapter
    Publisher Routledge
  • 2019
    Title Modal Knowledge Accounts; In: Knowing and Checking - An Epistemological Investigation
    DOI 10.4324/9780429030239-2
    Type Book Chapter
    Publisher Routledge
  • 2019
    Title SAC; In: Knowing and Checking - An Epistemological Investigation
    DOI 10.4324/9780429030239-3
    Type Book Chapter
    Publisher Routledge
  • 2019
    Title Knowing and Checking: An Epistemological Investigation
    Type Book
    Author Melchior
    Publisher Taylor & Francis Ltd
  • 2019
    Title Handbuch Erkenntnistheorie
    Type Book
    Author Grajner Martin
    Publisher Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG
  • 2019
    Title SAC and the Skeptical Puzzle; In: Knowing and Checking - An Epistemological Investigation
    DOI 10.4324/9780429030239-8
    Type Book Chapter
    Publisher Routledge
  • 2019
    Title SAC and Knowledge Puzzles; In: Knowing and Checking - An Epistemological Investigation
    DOI 10.4324/9780429030239-6
    Type Book Chapter
    Publisher Routledge
  • 2019
    Title Checking and Bootstrapping; In: Knowing and Checking - An Epistemological Investigation
    DOI 10.4324/9780429030239-7
    Type Book Chapter
    Publisher Routledge
  • 2019
    Title Checking, Inferences, and Necessities; In: Knowing and Checking - An Epistemological Investigation
    DOI 10.4324/9780429030239-5
    Type Book Chapter
    Publisher Routledge
  • 2019
    Title Außenweltskeptizismus
    DOI 10.1007/978-3-476-04632-1_37
    Type Book Chapter
    Author Melchior G
    Publisher Springer Nature
    Pages 305-315
  • 2019
    Title Handbuch Erkenntnistheorie: Ein Abriss
    DOI 10.1007/978-3-476-04632-1_1
    Type Book Chapter
    Author Grajner M
    Publisher Springer Nature
    Pages 3-10
  • 2016
    Title Easy Knowledge, Closure Failure, or Skepticism: A Trilemma
    DOI 10.1111/meta.12180
    Type Journal Article
    Author Melchior G
    Journal Metaphilosophy
    Pages 214-232
    Link Publication
  • 2018
    Title Epistemic Contextualism: A Defense, written by, Peter Baumann
    DOI 10.1163/18756735-000036
    Type Journal Article
    Author Melchior G
    Journal Grazer Philosophische Studien
    Pages 1-7
    Link Publication
  • 2020
    Title The persuasiveness puzzle about bootstrapping
    DOI 10.1111/rati.12253
    Type Journal Article
    Author Melchior G
    Journal Ratio
    Pages 27-36
    Link Publication
  • 2020
    Title Sensitivity, safety, and impossible worlds
    DOI 10.1007/s11098-020-01453-8
    Type Journal Article
    Author Melchior G
    Journal Philosophical Studies
    Pages 713-729
    Link Publication
  • 2017
    Title Sensitivity has Multiple Heterogeneity Problems: a Reply to Wallbridge
    DOI 10.1007/s11406-017-9873-5
    Type Journal Article
    Author Melchior G
    Journal Philosophia
    Pages 1741-1747
    Link Publication
  • 2017
    Title Knowledge and representations: explaining the skeptical puzzle
    Type Conference Proceeding Abstract
    Author Melchior
    Conference The Philosophy of Perception and Observation. Papers of the 40th International Wittgenstein Symposium
    Pages 150-152
  • 2017
    Title Baseless knowledge
    Type Journal Article
    Author Guido Melchior
    Journal Croatian Journal of Philosophy
    Pages 211-231
  • 2017
    Title Epistemic luck and logical necessities: armchair luck revisited; In: Thought Experiments between Nature and Society: A Festschrift for Nenad Miščević
    Type Book Chapter
    Author Guido Melchior
    Publisher Cambridge Scholars
    Pages 137-150
Scientific Awards
  • 2018
    Title Managing Editor of Grazer Philosophische Studien
    Type Appointed as the editor/advisor to a journal or book series
    Level of Recognition Continental/International
  • 2017
    Title Elisabeth and Werner Leinfellner Award 2017 for outstanding contributions.
    Type Poster/abstract prize
    Level of Recognition Continental/International

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