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Structural and functional characterization of SPOC domains

Structural and functional characterization of SPOC domains

Dea Slade (ORCID: 0000-0002-0052-5910)
  • Grant DOI 10.55776/P31546
  • Funding program Principal Investigator Projects
  • Status ended
  • Start May 1, 2019
  • End September 30, 2023
  • Funding amount € 397,105
  • Project website

Disciplines

Biology (100%)

Keywords

    CTD-binding domains, Transcription, SPOC domain, RNA polymerase II, RPB1 C-terminal domain (CTD)

Abstract Final report

Transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is a very dynamic and complex biological process in which DNA is copied into mRNA. Pol II transcription occurs in three steps: initiation, elongation and termination. Each step is tightly regulated to ensure timely and efficient production of mRNAs required for specific cellular functions. The C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II consists of multiple heptapeptide repeats, in which five out of the seven residues (YSPTSPS) can be modified by phosphorylation. Early stages of transcription are marked with pSer5, which is essential for mRNA capping, while productive elongation is characterized by removal of pSer5 and an increase in pSer2, which is required for RNA processing and transcription termination. Many transcription regulators are recruited to the transcription machinery by binding CTD modifications depending on their regulatory function. CTD-specific interactions involve positively charged residues for the recognition of phospho-groups, and aromatic residues, which stabilize the binding by hydrophobic interactions. We recently identified SPOC as a new Pol II CTD-binding domain found in the human PHD-finger protein 3 (PHF3) with specificity towards pSer2. The X-ray structure showed that two positively charged patches on the SPOC surface anchor two pSer2 groups in the neighbouring CTD repeats, indicating that PHF3 SPOC interacts with Pol II as it elongates RNA. The first major aim of this project is to generalise this observation and to determine whether SPOC domains in other proteins can also bind CTD. We will analyse their binding preferences towards CTD peptides and reveal the mode of binding between the SPOC domain and the CTD by X-ray crystallography. SPOC domains are found in proteins involved in transcription repression and development. Functional analysis of PHF3 in cells where PHF3 was knocked out or its SPOC domain was deleted showed that PHF3 acts as a negative regulator of Pol II transcription and that the SPOC domain is essential for its function. The second major aim of this project, therefore, is to determine the mechanism of transcription repression by PHF3. To this end we will purify full-length PHF3 and bovine Pol II complex and use cryo- electron microscopy and crosslinking mass spectrometry to obtain a comprehensive view on the mode of interaction between PHF3 and Pol II. Furthermore, we will perform in vitro transcription assays to test whether PHF3 directly inhibits Pol II elongation. Finally, we will investigate whether PHF3 can displace transcription factors from the elongation complex using chromatin immunoprecipitation. SPOC-containing proteins have been implicated in development and were found to be mutated in cancer. Our structural and functional characterization of SPOC as a new Pol II CTD-binding domain will further our understanding of the mechanism of transcription regulation by SPOC-containing proteins and help elucidate how their deregulation leads to disease.

Transkription durch RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) ist ein dynamischer und komplexer biologischer Prozess, bei dem DNA in mRNA umgeschrieben wird. Pol II-Transkription passiert in drei Schritten: Initiation, Elongation und Termination. Jeder Schritt ist streng reguliert, um eine zeitgerechte und effiziente Produktion von mRNA sicherzustellen, was für spezifische zelluläre Funktionen notwendig ist. Die C-terminale Domäne (CTD) von Pol II besteht aus zahlreichen Wiederholungen des Heptapeptids YSPTSPS, in dem fünf von sieben Aminosäuren durch Phosphorylierung modifiziert werden können. Frühe Stadien der Transkription sind durch pSer5 gekennzeichnet, was essentiell für mRNA-Capping ist, während produktive Elongation durch den Rückgang von pSer5 und Anstieg von pSer2, das für RNA-Prozessierung und Transkriptionstermination notwendig ist, charakterisiert ist. Viele Transkriptionsregulatoren werden zur Transkriptionsmaschinerie rekrutiert, indem sie entsprechend ihrer regulatorischen Funktion an CTD-Modifizierungen binden. Wir haben SPOC als Pol II CTD-Bindedomäne identifiziert, die in den humanen Proteinen PHD Finger Protein 3 (PHF3), Death-Inducer Obliterator (DIDO), RNA Binding Motif Protein 15 (RBM15) und SPEN vorkommt. Biophysikalische Messungen und Röntgenkristallographie-Analysen zeigten, dass PHF3 und DIDO SPOC spezifisch Tandem-pSer2 Modifikationen erkennen, während SPEN und RBM15 SPOC bevorzugt an pSer5 binden. Für DIDO und PHF3 ist das SPOC-abhängige Erkennen von pSer2 CTD essentiell für ihre Rekrutierung zum Pol II-Elongationskomplex, währen RBM15 und SPEN zusätzlich mit den Schreibe- und Leseproteinen von m6A, der häufigsten RNA-Modifikation, interagieren. Insgesamt deuten unsere Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass SPOC-Domänen als vielseitiges Phosphoserin-Bindemodul dienen, um die Co-Regulierung von Transkription und RNA Metabolismus zu unterstützen. Tiefgreifende funktionelle Analysen unter Verwendung von CRISPR/Cas9 Genom-Editierung und funktioneller Genomik (z.B. RNA-seq, PRO-seq, SLAM-seq, ChIP-seq) in humanen Zellen in Kombination mit biochemischen Rekonstitutions-Experimenten zeigten, dass sich PHF3 mit Pol II entlang von Genen bewegt und Cluster mit repressiven Pol II Komplexen in Zellen formt. Als Elongationsfaktor moduliert PHF3 Pol II Pause Release und Elongationsrate. In Abwesenheit von PHF3 werden Transkripte stabilisiert, was darauf hindeutet, dass PHF3 RNA-Stabilität negativ reguliert. Die Entfernung der SPOC-Domäne rekapituliert den Phänotyp, den man bei komplettem Verlust des Proteins beobachten kann, was darauf hinweist, dass die SPOC-Domäne maßgeblich für die Verankerung von PHF3 an der Pol II Transkriptionsmaschinerie ist. PHF3 reguliert neuronale Genexpression in differenzierten Zellen und während der neuronalen Differenzierung von Stammzellen. Embryonale Stammzellen der Maus, denen Phf3 fehlt, können wegen frühzeitiger Dereppression von Schlüsselfaktoren, die das neuronales Schicksal der Zellen regulieren, nicht zu Neuronen differenzieren. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass PHF3 als neues Autismus-Risikogen identifiziert wurde und dass seine Expressionslevel in Gliobastomen, einer undifferenzierten Form von Gehirntumoren, reduziert sind, ist die PHF3-mediierte Regulierung neuronaler Genexpression und Differenzierung eine hochrelevante Erkenntnis. Weiters wurden PHF3-Mutationen in Patienten mit neurologischen Entwicklungsstörungen wie Microzephalie identifiziert. Unsere zukünftige Arbeit wird darauf abzielen, aufzuklären, wie Mutationen in PHF3 zu neuronalen Störungen beitragen und wie verminderte PHF3-Expression zur Entstehung und zum Fortschreiten von Glioblastomen beiträgt.

Research institution(s)
  • Medizinische Universität Wien - 100%
International project participants
  • Richard Stefl, Brno University of Technology - Czechia

Research Output

  • 50 Citations
  • 7 Publications
  • 2 Fundings
Publications
  • 2020
    Title PHF3 regulates neuronal gene expression through the new Pol II CTD reader domain SPOC
    DOI 10.1101/2020.02.11.943159
    Type Preprint
    Author Appel L
    Pages 2020.02.11.943159
    Link Publication
  • 2022
    Title The SPOC domain is a phosphoserine binding module that bridges transcription machinery with co- and post-transcriptional regulators
    DOI 10.1101/2022.02.26.482114
    Type Preprint
    Author Appel L
    Pages 2022.02.26.482114
    Link Publication
  • 2023
    Title SPOC domain proteins in health and disease.
    DOI 10.1101/gad.350314.122
    Type Journal Article
    Author Appel Lm
    Journal Genes & development
    Pages 140-170
  • 2023
    Title The SPOC domain is a phosphoserine binding module that bridges transcription machinery with co- and post-transcriptional regulators.
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-35853-1
    Type Journal Article
    Author Appel Lm
    Journal Nature communications
    Pages 166
  • 2023
    Title The SPOC proteins DIDO3 and PHF3 co-regulate gene expression and neuronal differentiation.
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-43724-y
    Type Journal Article
    Author Benedum J
    Journal Nature communications
    Pages 7912
  • 2021
    Title PHF3 regulates neuronal gene expression through the Pol II CTD reader domain SPOC
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-021-26360-2
    Type Journal Article
    Author Appel L
    Journal Nature Communications
    Pages 6078
    Link Publication
  • 2020
    Title PHF3 Regulates Neuronal Gene Expression Through the New Pol II CTD Reader Domain SPOC
    DOI 10.2139/ssrn.3543843
    Type Preprint
    Author Appel L
    Link Publication
Fundings
  • 2023
    Title Co-regulation of transcription by DIDO3 and PHF3 paralogues
    Type Research grant (including intramural programme)
    Start of Funding 2023
    Funder Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
  • 2023
    Title The regulation of phosphorylation dynamics by DIDO3 and PHF3 during transcription
    Type Fellowship
    Start of Funding 2023
    Funder Austrian Academy of Sciences

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